Main Methods for Exchanging BIM Model Data
Before feeding information back into a BIM model, there is usually a process of information extraction. This is because the feedback process requires knowledge of essential project details such as object identifiers, parameterized attribute IDs, data formats, and other basic information within the BIM model. The method of data retrieval significantly influences how the information is fed back. Below, we analyze the common approaches used for exchanging information (both retrieval and feedback) across popular BIM modeling tools—Autodesk Revit, Graphisoft ArchiCAD, and Bentley AECOsim—organized by the ease of entry and operation.
1. Spreadsheet
Most BIM design tools can generate detailed reports or schedules that can be edited using spreadsheet software like Microsoft Excel. However, if you want to update attribute values within the spreadsheet and have those changes immediately reflected in the BIM model (i.e., dynamic cross-referencing), you must revert to the original BIM design tool to make those changes. Essentially, electronic spreadsheets operate within the internal environment of BIM tools and have limited interoperability with external applications. Therefore, spreadsheets are better suited for information extraction and output, but less ideal for feeding data back into the BIM model.
2. Open Standard Formats
Several public standard formats exist for BIM data exchange, though only a few provide meaningful interoperability. The most widely recognized standards include IFC, COBie, and gbXML. Most BIM design tools currently support exporting files in IFC format, while COBie and gbXML formats are supported to a lesser extent. Even if not officially supported, these formats can sometimes be exported through third-party plugins.
Public standards aim for broad compatibility, and IFC interoperability has improved considerably in recent years. However, formats like COBie and gbXML are more specialized—COBie is generally used for equipment management, and gbXML is tailored for energy analysis. Overall, despite progress, there is still room to improve interoperability, especially when feeding data back into BIM tools. Extracting information in a public standard format is easier than feeding it back into BIM design software using the same format.
3. Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
Managing BIM model data via an external database offers a promising solution for interoperability. ODBC is a well-established standard interface for databases. However, using databases comes with higher operational complexity and maintenance costs. Model managers and stakeholders may need to develop custom database applications and user interfaces tailored to their specific needs.
Moreover, most ODBC implementations work with traditional relational databases, whose data schemas are often difficult to map to the complex, object-oriented structures found in BIM models. This makes Object Relational Mapping (ORM) challenging and less flexible for BIM data exchange.
4. Application Programming Interface (API)
Most BIM design tools offer APIs that allow users with programming skills to extend core functionality. APIs are commonly used for both retrieving and feeding back information. However, working with APIs requires advanced object-oriented programming skills and a deep understanding of the BIM tool’s architecture. Different BIM platforms have their own unique APIs, which further increases the learning curve.
As a result, model managers and stakeholders typically find it difficult to exchange data directly through APIs. While APIs provide broad flexibility and functionality, relying solely on them often results in file-based data exchange workflows. This can limit efficiency in collaborative projects, version control, and overall interoperability.
BIM models are fundamentally created with BIM modeling software, making these tools the primary means for data management. Extracting or storing data within these systems is essentially information retrieval or feedback. However, among the leading modeling tools, there are generally more options and better support for data extraction than for feeding information back. Challenges such as high technical barriers, limited interoperability, and inefficiency remain common.
That concludes our overview of the main methods for exchanging BIM model data. We hope this article provides helpful insights for everyone involved in BIM workflows!
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