There remains significant variation in how BIM is understood in China. Some view it as technology, others as software, a platform, or simply a tool. So, what exactly is BIM? What does BIM encompass? The author would like to share their perspective:
(1) Behavior: Building Information Modeling refers to the idea, behavior, and ongoing process of modeling.
(2) Result: Building Information Model is the three-dimensional model created during BIM application, embedded with specific building information.
(3) Goal: To provide an optimized platform and information for Building Lifecycle Management (BLM). Although frequently mentioned, many experts remain discreet about the specific management methods involved.
Note: Acronyms like BIM, BLM, and CAD are composed of three letters because these terms originated in the United States, where three-letter prefixes are common. We refer to them as the “Three Character Classic.”
BIM (Building Information Modeling) is the process of creating building information models. To define it clearly, what is BIM? It involves:
Simulating actual building information digitally by embedding various types of data into building components — such as columns, beams, floors, walls, doors, windows, railings, sunshades, and even facilities and equipment — through object attribute settings.
This includes:
(1) Visual information describing geometric shapes: position, size, shape, and more;
(2) Non-geometric information: materials, weight, performance, brand, model, etc.
The key focus of BIM is on information, not just the model itself. Some people mistakenly believe BIM is simply 3D modeling software. They learn how to build 3D models, print elevation and section drawings, and assume they are using BIM. In reality, there is a significant difference. So, what is the core of BIM? Let’s explore the definition provided by the US National BIM Standards (NBIMS):
National BIM Standards (United States) provide four levels of explanation:
(1) Using digital methods to represent the physical and functional characteristics of a facility.
(2) A shared knowledge resource.
(3) The process of sharing facility-related information to provide a reliable basis for decision-making throughout the facility’s entire lifecycle.
(4) At various stages of construction, participants embed, extract, update, and modify information within the model to support their collaborative responsibilities.
Every definition highlights one essential aspect: information. Building a 3D model without sufficient embedded information does not qualify as BIM and cannot fulfill its intended functions. The models created through BIM technology are not mere objects but serve as working carriers of the process, which may include:
- Design Models: Architecture, structural, plumbing, electrical, HVAC, performance simulation, environment, and infrastructure models.
- Construction Models: Subdivisions of design models aligned with construction steps.
- Progress Model (4D): Linking construction schedules with model components.
- Cost Model (5D): Integrating project costs and timelines with the model.
- Manufacturing Models: Using 3D models to replace traditional drawings for manufacturing building components.
- Operation Models: Simulating facility operation, maintenance, and mid-term updates.
Nearly all BIM operations rely on computers. Without modern high-performance computing hardware and mature software applications, effective BIM implementation is impossible. However, as BIM theory advances in complexity and scope, the demands on computer hardware and software continue to increase. Currently, both hardware processing power and software capabilities fall short of fully supporting BIM’s requirements.
Due to these limitations, BIM implementation cannot embed every piece of building information into a single model perfectly. Instead, multiple 3D models are created and managed separately to meet different project phases and purposes, each embedded with relevant building information for its stage.
That concludes the discussion on What is BIM? What does BIM include? I hope this article provides helpful insight for everyone!
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