The construction of BIM models can be broken down into finer levels according to the functional requirements of each participant at different project stages. This approach ensures that all parties’ needs are met and enhances the effective use of data resources.
The concept of Levels of Detail (LOD) in BIM was introduced by the American Institute of Architects. It defines the expected completeness of BIM models throughout different phases of the building lifecycle and serves to standardize BIM model accuracy. LOD is categorized into five levels, ranging from architectural conceptual design to final delivery, labeled LOD100 through LOD500. These levels align with the typical application stages of BIM models in construction projects, with corresponding model detail requirements as follows:
LOD100 (Conceptual Design, Design Proposal): Basic building outline with rough size and shape representation.
LOD200 (Approximate Components, Preliminary Design): Spatial positioning information of building components.
LOD300 (Accurate Components, Construction Drawings, Detailed Design): Precise dimensions, spatial locations, and physical properties of building components and mechanical and electrical equipment.
LOD400 (Construction Phase, Prefabrication and Installation): Detailed 3D models including building components, mechanical and electrical equipment, along with time and cost attributes.
LOD500 (Completion, Delivery, and Operation Management): Comprehensive geometric data, technical specifications, product details, construction records, and maintenance information for building components, mechanical and electrical systems, and internal assets.
By subdividing BIM models to cater to the specific needs of different stakeholders at each project stage, overall project efficiency is improved and costs are reduced.
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