Since its inception, Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has been defined by numerous researchers, experts, and scholars. However, there is currently no universally accepted international definition.
The interpretation of BIM technology varies significantly depending on the perspective and role of the individual—such as owners or engineers—due to their differing objectives. For example, one definition states:
“BIM is a verbal comparative phrase describing the tools, processes, and technologies that enable digital, machine-readable documentation of a building, its performance, planning, construction, and later operation.” According to the BIM Handbook, BIM technology encompasses three components: tools, processes, and techniques, all of which rely on computer technology to express, design, construct, and operate building projects.
In the UK, the BIM standard defines it as:
“Data beyond graphics—the creation and use of coordinated, internally consistent, computable information throughout building design and construction.”
This definition was developed by an industry organization formed by several UK construction companies, reflecting practical BIM use in the construction sector. It primarily focuses on BIM’s role in project control and emphasizes data processing capabilities. This UK standard applies BIM technology mainly to the design and construction phases and does not extend to other aspects.
Meanwhile, the National Building Information Modeling Standard (NBIMS) in the United States defines BIM as:
“A digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility, serving as a reliable knowledge resource for decision-making throughout the facility’s lifecycle.”
NBIMS is published by the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), a highly respected organization in the US construction industry. NIBS’s definition highlights BIM’s role in information processing within construction engineering, focusing on features like information sharing and collaborative work.
Overall, BIM technology is a digital-based solution integrating multiple professional disciplines to support the design, construction, and management of building projects.
The International Organization for Standardization’s Facility Information Committee offers a comparative definition:
“BIM is the computable representation of the physical and functional characteristics of facilities and their related project lifecycle information, based on open industry standards. It supports decision-making and helps realize greater project value.”
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