BIM can be utilized throughout the entire lifecycle of a project. So, what role does BIM play during the construction phase? Today, I will provide a summary, which may not be exhaustive—please feel free to add your insights.
(1) Construction Site Application Planning
The construction phase is a crucial period in the long lifecycle of engineering projects, as this is when physical production truly takes place. Regardless of how detailed virtual simulations are, real-world implementation details cannot be overlooked amidst the interplay of time and space. To simulate the construction process realistically in virtual space and effectively plan complex construction systems, BIM models must incorporate the composition procedures of model components and the actual sequence and schedule of construction activities. This begins at the 3D modeling stage, which is not necessarily the same as the design phase.
The primary goal here is to use BIM models—integrating the current state of the construction site—as a platform to explore construction operation planning. This includes spatial simulation of personnel, machinery, materials, and other equipment. The process can generate layout plans for temporary facilities on site and organize material entry and operations for each construction stage. It also helps identify potential spatial and temporal conflicts, allowing for the selection of feasible construction strategies.
(2) 3D Control and Planning in BIM (Digital Layout)
3D control and planning involve using BIM’s 3D models to simulate the spatial configuration of building components during construction, as well as to produce construction drawings. “Lifting drawings” refer to importing existing 2D graphic data into the BIM model and linking the relevant 2D information to the model components. This integration creates combined 2D/3D construction drawings, which are specifically provided to site supervisors for on-site reference and use.
(3) Construction System Design (Virtual Model)
The BIM execution team leverages BIM models and specialized 3D software tools to design and analyze complex construction system details, such as formwork, curtain walls, and retaining structures. This approach enhances the quality of construction project planning and boosts efficiency in building complex systems. It also improves productivity and increases safety awareness during construction.
(4) Digital Construction
BIM execution teams directly integrate BIM’s 3D model data with automated mechanical manufacturing technologies to build and fabricate solid building components. This digital construction process resembles traditional CAD/CAM operations but is now often called BIM/CAM. The 3D model is first segmented into parts that require further processing, then these parts are input into automated machinery for manufacturing system components.
(5) 3D Coordination Tasks
Following the introduction of BIM terminology, its definition was swiftly accepted by the industry. However, software tools with BIM capabilities still require effective engineering information management to realize their full potential. Nonetheless, applying existing BIM software features—such as parameter settings and 3D model visualization—has proven highly effective in improving traditional engineering coordination meetings.
When combined with proper version control of BIM data, the benefits become even more substantial. Therefore, any engineering project considering BIM adoption should prioritize implementing “BIM 3D Coordination Operations.” The BIM team uses BIM models to detect conflicts (or interferences) between 3D components through automated software. This simulation, review, and correction process during coordination meetings is called “3D coordination work.” Moreover, applying BIM 3D coordination during the design phase is equally important.
(6) Modeling the Current State of the Construction Site
The BIM execution team creates 3D models reflecting the current conditions of the construction site, including geographical environment, surroundings, existing facilities, and equipment. These models can be developed in various ways depending on current needs and potential future value. The data captured can document the building history, provide site environment documentation, improve accuracy in describing site conditions, and support subsequent applications.
(7) Construction Project Planning (4D Modeling)
The BIM team uses 4D modeling—which adds a time dimension to the 3D model—to effectively plan the sequence of work for each segment during construction (including renovations and operations). This method focuses on linking construction schedules with BIM components and planning operations along a timeline.
4D modeling serves as a powerful visualization and communication tool, offering project teams and owners a clear understanding of project milestones and detailed construction plans. This clarity enables all stakeholders to better grasp the schedule of each construction phase and identify the project’s critical path.
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