Although BIM concepts were introduced in China as early as 2004, the technology has yet to meet the expectations of the government and industry professionals. Research on BIM largely remains theoretical and has not been fully implemented in practice.
First, challenges arise from BIM software usage. Although numerous BIM software options are available on the market, their application levels are insufficient. BIM models serve only as raw materials for generating desired outputs, requiring users to rely on other tools for processing. Furthermore, information transfer between different software platforms often suffers data loss.
Second, a mismatch exists between users and beneficiaries. In construction projects, the primary beneficiary of BIM technology is the owner, the designer contributes the most, while the construction party exerts the greatest effort. This disparity leads to conflicts over benefit distribution, with contributors and beneficiaries not aligned. Additionally, the extra costs of implementing BIM are unclear as to which party should bear them. Consequently, the design team—the key driver of change—may abandon BIM, increasing the likelihood of unnecessary engineering changes during construction.
Third, BIM technology demands high hardware capabilities. Despite continual optimization by BIM software developers, BIM models are large, multidimensional, and dynamic. This inherently requires advanced hardware, adding an unseen financial burden on users.
Fourth, the market environment hinders BIM promotion. The tendency to seek shortcuts is common across various Chinese industries, and the spirit of forward-looking investment—“planting trees so future generations can enjoy the shade”—is hard to sustain. Currently, BIM faces challenges in China due to underinvestment in infrastructure and a preference for imitation over innovation. Additionally, the construction market suffers from an imperfect system and disorderly practices, all of which impede BIM’s rapid development within the industry.
Fifth, technical challenges remain the biggest obstacle for BIM adoption. Most construction sites in China have low informatization levels, rely on rough production methods, and lack accurate data to support analysis and decision-making, leading to potential misdirection. BIM teams across different parties vary in technical proficiency, with many employees lacking BIM skills altogether. There are no comprehensive training systems, and some resist BIM technology, prioritizing technology over management. While technology is undeniably important, effective management should not be overlooked.
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